The article clarifies the distinct definitions of RNAV (Area Navigation), RNP (Required Navigation Performance), and PBN (Performance Based Navigation), emphasizing RNP's requirement for onboard ...

Earning an instrument and a type rating today still demands the applicant successfully fly a circling approach. Despite the FAA’s recent Advisory Circular (AC) 120-123 calling for an increased focus ...

ILS and LPV approaches often provide comparable precision and identical minimums, but LPV is increasingly common due to its reliance on distributed WAAS/GPS infrastructure, which avoids the high cost ...

Example circling maneuver at Memphis IAP, Tennessee. Author graphic. I used to think of the circle-to-land maneuver following an instrument approach as a necessary evil. We had a lot of airports to go ...