Editor's Note: This post references research by Diederik Stapel. Many of his studies have since been found to be fradulent. Tomás de Torquemada, "The hammer of heretics," would have loved to hate the ...

As these two examples show, the two-tailed test enters the fray when the researcher has a strong claim in place and ventures to falsify it. Alas, this is not the typical situation for the ...