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Throughout the past billion years, bacteria and archaea have evolved a range of defense mechanisms to defend themselves against their viral predators (Doron et al., 2018), including ...

Interdisciplinary Research Center HALOmem, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Institute for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 3a, 06120 Halle, ...

The CRISPR system for prokaryotic adaptive immunity provides RNA-mediated protection from viruses and mobile genetic elements. When viral RNA transcripts are detected, type III systems adopt an ...

In mammals, skin begins as a single-layered epithelium, which, through a series of signals, either stratifies and differentiates to become epidermis or invaginates downward to make hair follicles (HFs ...