Intraoperative hypotension is common and has been associated with adverse events, including acute kidney failure, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Since blood pressure is a multidimensional and ...
Goal-directed fluid therapy (GDFT) is usually recommended in patients undergoing major surgery and is essential in enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols. This fluid regimen is usually ...
Routine use of cardiac output (CO) monitoring became available with the introduction of the pulmonary artery catheter into clinical practice. Since then, several systems have been developed that allow ...